THE DUTCH
The first assault upon the Portuguese monopoly for the Eastern trade came from the Dutch. They formed the United East India Company of the Netherlands in 1602. The Company was granted the right not only to carry on trade but also to wage wars, conclude treaties, acquire territories and build fortresses. They first conquered Java in 1619 and then effectively checked the English competition in the Malay Archipelago in 1623 by the infamous massacre of Englishmen at Amboyna. In India, the main Dutch strongholds were Nagapattanam and Chinsura (Bengal).
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