THE TREATY, OF PURANDHAR (1665)
Following terms were agreed upon in the Treaty of Purandhar:
(i) Out of the 35 forts held by Shivaji, he agreed to surrender 23 forts (which yielded four lakh huns every year) to the Mughals. The remaining 12 forts (with annual income of one lakh of huns) were to be left to Shivaji.
(ii) Shivaji agreed to the condition attached with his possession of 12 forts-service and loyalty to the Mughal throne.
(iii)Shivaji was allowed to keep possession of the territory worth four lakh huns a year in the Bijapuri Konkan.
(iv)Shivaji was granted the Balaghat territory (of Bijapur).
(v) Shivaji had to pay 40 lakh huns to the Mughals in lieu
Showing posts with label Marathas. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Marathas. Show all posts
Sunday, November 29, 2009
POINTS TO REMEMBER
. Shivaji was generally influenced by Dadaji Konda-dev and Guru Ramdas.
. The Sultan of Bijapur ~nt Afzal Khan to capture Shivaji. Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with a weapon called Baghnakh (tiger's claw). . Shivaji was coronated at Raigarh in 1674. . The eight-member council of ministers of Shivaji was called ashtapradlinn.
. The territory directly under the rule of Shivaji was known as swaraj.
. Sardeshmukhi was. an additional levy of 10 per cent on
such lands which formed part of the Mughal empire but on which the Maratha claimed hereditary rights.
. The Treaty of Purandhar in 1665, signed between Shivaji and the Mughal was mediated by Raja Jai Singh of Amber.
. In the post-Shivaji period, Aurangzeb divided the
Marathas into two rival camps-one under Tara Bai and the other under Sahu.
. Saranjam was the letter of authority issued by the Maratha king Sahu to the Maratha sardars which gave the latter the power to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi.
. The first major political victory of Shivaji was the conquest of Javli in 1656 from the Maratha chief, Chandra Rao More.
. Haindava-Dharmoddharak (Protector of the Hindu faith)
was the title adopted by Shivaji.
. Shivaji's last military expedition was the Karnataka
expedition.
. Shivaji built the fort of Jenji where his son Rajaram took refuge following Aurangzeb's all-out war on the Marathas.
. Shivaji's revenue system followed the pattern of Malik
Ambar's system.
. The Sultan of Bijapur ~nt Afzal Khan to capture Shivaji. Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with a weapon called Baghnakh (tiger's claw). . Shivaji was coronated at Raigarh in 1674. . The eight-member council of ministers of Shivaji was called ashtapradlinn.
. The territory directly under the rule of Shivaji was known as swaraj.
. Sardeshmukhi was. an additional levy of 10 per cent on
such lands which formed part of the Mughal empire but on which the Maratha claimed hereditary rights.
. The Treaty of Purandhar in 1665, signed between Shivaji and the Mughal was mediated by Raja Jai Singh of Amber.
. In the post-Shivaji period, Aurangzeb divided the
Marathas into two rival camps-one under Tara Bai and the other under Sahu.
. Saranjam was the letter of authority issued by the Maratha king Sahu to the Maratha sardars which gave the latter the power to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi.
. The first major political victory of Shivaji was the conquest of Javli in 1656 from the Maratha chief, Chandra Rao More.
. Haindava-Dharmoddharak (Protector of the Hindu faith)
was the title adopted by Shivaji.
. Shivaji's last military expedition was the Karnataka
expedition.
. Shivaji built the fort of Jenji where his son Rajaram took refuge following Aurangzeb's all-out war on the Marathas.
. Shivaji's revenue system followed the pattern of Malik
Ambar's system.
Shivaji's Ashtapradhan (Council of Eight Ministers)
Shivaji's Ashtapradhan (Council of Eight Ministers)
(i) The peshwa or the chief minister : He looked after general administration
(ii) The amatya or majumdar : He was responsible for finance, state's income and expenditure.
(iii) The sachiv or shuru nawis: He was responsible for all correspondence.
(iv) The sumant or dabir: He worked as foreign minister and was responsible for corre
spondence with other kings.
(V) The Senapati or san-i-naubat : He was not the commander-inchief but looked after recruitment, training and discipline of the army.
(Vi) The mantri or waqia nawis: He was responsible for the personal safety of the king.
(Vii) The nyayadhish : He was responsible for administration of justice.
(viii) The dhanadhyaksha or the pundit rao: He had two responsibilities
(a) looking after charitable work, and (b) working for the moral uplift of the people.
(i) The peshwa or the chief minister : He looked after general administration
(ii) The amatya or majumdar : He was responsible for finance, state's income and expenditure.
(iii) The sachiv or shuru nawis: He was responsible for all correspondence.
(iv) The sumant or dabir: He worked as foreign minister and was responsible for corre
spondence with other kings.
(V) The Senapati or san-i-naubat : He was not the commander-inchief but looked after recruitment, training and discipline of the army.
(Vi) The mantri or waqia nawis: He was responsible for the personal safety of the king.
(Vii) The nyayadhish : He was responsible for administration of justice.
(viii) The dhanadhyaksha or the pundit rao: He had two responsibilities
(a) looking after charitable work, and (b) working for the moral uplift of the people.
MARATHA CONFEDERACY
MARATHA CONFEDERACY
The origin of the Maratha confederacy may. be traced to the revival of the jagir or saranjam system by Rajaram. But it was only in the time of Baji Rao I that the system made a base for itself. In this process, Sahu issued letters of authority to his various Maratha sardars for collecting chauth and sardeshmukhi from various parts of India. These letters of authority were called saranjam; the holders of these saranjams were called saranjamdars. They merely recognised the Maratha peshwas as their nominal head after the death of Sahu. In this way arose the Maratha confederacy, consisting of very important Maratha jagirdars: (i) Raghuji Bhonsle of Berar; (ii) Gaekwar of Baroda; (Hi) Holkar of Indore; (iv) Scindhia of Gwalior; and (v) the Peshwa of Poona himself.
The origin of the Maratha confederacy may. be traced to the revival of the jagir or saranjam system by Rajaram. But it was only in the time of Baji Rao I that the system made a base for itself. In this process, Sahu issued letters of authority to his various Maratha sardars for collecting chauth and sardeshmukhi from various parts of India. These letters of authority were called saranjam; the holders of these saranjams were called saranjamdars. They merely recognised the Maratha peshwas as their nominal head after the death of Sahu. In this way arose the Maratha confederacy, consisting of very important Maratha jagirdars: (i) Raghuji Bhonsle of Berar; (ii) Gaekwar of Baroda; (Hi) Holkar of Indore; (iv) Scindhia of Gwalior; and (v) the Peshwa of Poona himself.
PESHWAS
PESHWAS
In the reign of Sahu, the peshwa or prime minister, Balaji Vishwanath, virtually became the ruler of the state. From now onwards began the rule of the Peshwas who had their seat of power at Poona. (Sahu's capital was Satara.)
In all, there were seven Peshwas, namely Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720); Baji Rao I (1720-1740); Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761); Madho Rao (1761-1772); Narayan Rao (1772-1773); Madho Rao Narayan (1773-1795); and the last being Baji Rao II (1795-1818). Of these seven Peshwas the ablest was Baji Rao I and the weakest and most incompetent was Baji Rao II.
In the reign of Sahu, the peshwa or prime minister, Balaji Vishwanath, virtually became the ruler of the state. From now onwards began the rule of the Peshwas who had their seat of power at Poona. (Sahu's capital was Satara.)
In all, there were seven Peshwas, namely Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720); Baji Rao I (1720-1740); Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761); Madho Rao (1761-1772); Narayan Rao (1772-1773); Madho Rao Narayan (1773-1795); and the last being Baji Rao II (1795-1818). Of these seven Peshwas the ablest was Baji Rao I and the weakest and most incompetent was Baji Rao II.
MILITARY SYSTEM
MILITARY SYSTEM
Shivaji established a regular standing army and greatly improved its morale and discipline. His army was mostly composed of cavalry and infantry. Shivaji did not allow women in the military camps. A special feature of his military administration was the maintenance of a large number of forts. Shivaji also provided the Marathas with an efficient naval system.
Military Organisation
(i) Foot soldiers : Guerilla Warfare (most efficient).
(ii) Bargis : A part of the cavalry, formally recruited with fixed pay and horses and equipment provided by the state
(iii) Silahdars : A part of the cavalry, recruited informally; required to maintain their own horses and equipment; entitled for a share in war-booty but not for a regular pay
Other posts
(i) Sar-i-nauhat (senapati)
(ii) Qilandars
(iii) Nayak
(iv) Havaldar
(v) Jumaladar
(vi) Ek Hazari
Navy
(i) Ghuraw
(ii) Gallivat
Shivaji established a regular standing army and greatly improved its morale and discipline. His army was mostly composed of cavalry and infantry. Shivaji did not allow women in the military camps. A special feature of his military administration was the maintenance of a large number of forts. Shivaji also provided the Marathas with an efficient naval system.
Military Organisation
(i) Foot soldiers : Guerilla Warfare (most efficient).
(ii) Bargis : A part of the cavalry, formally recruited with fixed pay and horses and equipment provided by the state
(iii) Silahdars : A part of the cavalry, recruited informally; required to maintain their own horses and equipment; entitled for a share in war-booty but not for a regular pay
Other posts
(i) Sar-i-nauhat (senapati)
(ii) Qilandars
(iii) Nayak
(iv) Havaldar
(v) Jumaladar
(vi) Ek Hazari
Navy
(i) Ghuraw
(ii) Gallivat
REVENUE SYSTEM
REVENUE SYSTEM
The assessment of revenue was made after a careful survey and classification of the lands according to their quality and yield. The share of the state was fixed at two-fifths of the gross produce. The cultivator was given the option of paying either in cash or kind. Besides the land revenue, Shivaji had other sources of income, of which the most important were the chauth and sardeshmukhi. The chauth amounted to one-fourth of the standard revenue assessment of the place, while the sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent demanded from areas outside his kingdom because he claimed to be the hereditary sardeshmukh (chief headman) of the entire Maratha country. These taxes were levied on those living outside Maratha kingdom as a safeguard (a kind of protection money) against Shivaji's forces plundering or raiding their territory.
The assessment of revenue was made after a careful survey and classification of the lands according to their quality and yield. The share of the state was fixed at two-fifths of the gross produce. The cultivator was given the option of paying either in cash or kind. Besides the land revenue, Shivaji had other sources of income, of which the most important were the chauth and sardeshmukhi. The chauth amounted to one-fourth of the standard revenue assessment of the place, while the sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of 10 per cent demanded from areas outside his kingdom because he claimed to be the hereditary sardeshmukh (chief headman) of the entire Maratha country. These taxes were levied on those living outside Maratha kingdom as a safeguard (a kind of protection money) against Shivaji's forces plundering or raiding their territory.
MARATHA ADMINISTRATION
MARATHA ADMINISTRATION
The king was the suo preme head of the state. He was assisted by a council of eight ministers known as the ashta pradhan. The chief minister or mukhya pradhan was called the peshwa. All the ministers, except the nyayadhisha (chief justice) and pandit rao (Almoner), usually held military commands besides their civil duties. The council of ministers could not initiate policy; its functions were purely advisory. Shivaji did not allow the high offices to become hereditary. He thus defeudalised his administration and thereby checked the prevailing tendency towards disintegration.
Shivaji divided the territory directly under his rule (Swaraj) into three provinces, each under a viceroy. He further divided the provinces into prants each of which was subdivided into pl1rganas and tarafs. The lowest unit was the village, and each village had its headman or patel.
The king was the suo preme head of the state. He was assisted by a council of eight ministers known as the ashta pradhan. The chief minister or mukhya pradhan was called the peshwa. All the ministers, except the nyayadhisha (chief justice) and pandit rao (Almoner), usually held military commands besides their civil duties. The council of ministers could not initiate policy; its functions were purely advisory. Shivaji did not allow the high offices to become hereditary. He thus defeudalised his administration and thereby checked the prevailing tendency towards disintegration.
Shivaji divided the territory directly under his rule (Swaraj) into three provinces, each under a viceroy. He further divided the provinces into prants each of which was subdivided into pl1rganas and tarafs. The lowest unit was the village, and each village had its headman or patel.
SHIVAJI (AD 1627-1680)
SHIVAJI (AD 1627-1680)
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivner near Junnar in 1627 or as some modern historians assert in 1630. Shahji Bhonsle, the father of Shivaji, was a military officer at first in the state of Ahmadnagar and then, from 1636, in the state of Bijapur, and he owned the territory of Poona as a jagir. His mother was Jija Bai, a very religious lady. Shivaji was brought up at Poona under the careful supervision of his mother and an able brahman Dadaji Konda-dev. Dadaji Konda-dev made Shivaji an expert soldier and an efficient administrator. Shivaji also came under the religious influence of Guru Ramdas, which made him proud of his motherland.
Shivaji began his military career at a young age. He captured the fort of Torna in 1646. Shortly afterwards he built new forts like Raigarh and Pratapgarh. On seeing this, the Sultan of Bijapur was much alarmed and he put Shahji, Shivaji's father in prison. Shivaji proved equal to the occasion and sought the intervention of Shah Jahan OR his father's behalf and thus Shahji was released. Shivaji resumed his offensive operations in 1656 and captured the principality of Javli. After some time, Shivaji raided the Bijapur territory and, in 1659, the Sultan of Bijapur sent his general, Afzal Khan, to capture Shivaji. But Shivaji was too clever for him and killed him with a deadly weapon called Baghnakh or tiger's claw. Ultimately, in 1662, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and acknowledged him as an independent ruler of his conquered territories.
Shivaji now began to ravage the Mughal territories. Aurangzeb sent Shaista Khan, the viceroy of the Deccan, with a big army against Shivaji. Shaista Khan captured Poona. But Shivaji managed to outwit the Mughals in 1663.
He further plundered Surat and carried off an immense booty. Aurangzeb sent his own son, Prince Muazzam, and then, on his failure, Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji. Raja Jai Singh won a few victories against Shivaji and besieged him in Purandhar (1665) and persuaded him to cede some forts to the Mughills by signing the Treaty of Purandhar and pay a visit to the Mughal court at Agra. But, when Shivaji went there, he was ill-treated and was taken a prisoner. He managed to escape, reaching Raigarhin 1666. From then onwards, he became an avowed enemy of the Mughals. He very soon conquered all the forts which he had surrendered to the Mughals. In 1670, he plundered Surat for the second time.
In 1674, Shivaji made Raigarh his capital and celebrated his coronation, and assumed the title of Chhatrapati. Shortly after this, he made a great expedition into southern India and conquered Jingi, Vellore and many forts in Kamataka. He died at Raigarh in 1680 after ruling for only six years. In this short time he founded the Maratha empire which dominated India for a century and a half.
Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivner near Junnar in 1627 or as some modern historians assert in 1630. Shahji Bhonsle, the father of Shivaji, was a military officer at first in the state of Ahmadnagar and then, from 1636, in the state of Bijapur, and he owned the territory of Poona as a jagir. His mother was Jija Bai, a very religious lady. Shivaji was brought up at Poona under the careful supervision of his mother and an able brahman Dadaji Konda-dev. Dadaji Konda-dev made Shivaji an expert soldier and an efficient administrator. Shivaji also came under the religious influence of Guru Ramdas, which made him proud of his motherland.
Shivaji began his military career at a young age. He captured the fort of Torna in 1646. Shortly afterwards he built new forts like Raigarh and Pratapgarh. On seeing this, the Sultan of Bijapur was much alarmed and he put Shahji, Shivaji's father in prison. Shivaji proved equal to the occasion and sought the intervention of Shah Jahan OR his father's behalf and thus Shahji was released. Shivaji resumed his offensive operations in 1656 and captured the principality of Javli. After some time, Shivaji raided the Bijapur territory and, in 1659, the Sultan of Bijapur sent his general, Afzal Khan, to capture Shivaji. But Shivaji was too clever for him and killed him with a deadly weapon called Baghnakh or tiger's claw. Ultimately, in 1662, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and acknowledged him as an independent ruler of his conquered territories.
Shivaji now began to ravage the Mughal territories. Aurangzeb sent Shaista Khan, the viceroy of the Deccan, with a big army against Shivaji. Shaista Khan captured Poona. But Shivaji managed to outwit the Mughals in 1663.
He further plundered Surat and carried off an immense booty. Aurangzeb sent his own son, Prince Muazzam, and then, on his failure, Mirza Raja Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji. Raja Jai Singh won a few victories against Shivaji and besieged him in Purandhar (1665) and persuaded him to cede some forts to the Mughills by signing the Treaty of Purandhar and pay a visit to the Mughal court at Agra. But, when Shivaji went there, he was ill-treated and was taken a prisoner. He managed to escape, reaching Raigarhin 1666. From then onwards, he became an avowed enemy of the Mughals. He very soon conquered all the forts which he had surrendered to the Mughals. In 1670, he plundered Surat for the second time.
In 1674, Shivaji made Raigarh his capital and celebrated his coronation, and assumed the title of Chhatrapati. Shortly after this, he made a great expedition into southern India and conquered Jingi, Vellore and many forts in Kamataka. He died at Raigarh in 1680 after ruling for only six years. In this short time he founded the Maratha empire which dominated India for a century and a half.
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